A Dream for Himself and Others

By Brandon Thierry

Bob A. Maruyama

June 4, 1923-July 1, 2000

This is a picture of Bob when he was older and most likely in his role as a Vice Principal. This photo was taken at an unknown place and date. (Courtesy of the Maruyama family)

On his official certificates Bob Maruyama was born June 4th, 1923 in La Junta, Colorado. His family would always celebrate his birthday on June 3rd. He grew up in Swink which is located in Southeastern Colorado, a community whose economy revolved around farming and ranching. Bob along with his family lived through the Great Depression. This time was especially hard for agricultural and ranching communities. The Great Depression is characterized by financial ruin compounded by the dust bowl. The dust bowl included Southeastern Colorado. This devastating environmental impact was caused by intensive agricultural and grazing usages on the land. As a result, the ability to grow crops, even for subsistence farming, was challenging due to the degradation of the soil.

Bob’s life during this time was colored with significant hardship. His living situation was that of a combined household: his father, Toraji Maruyama; his mother, Toyo (Mameda) Maruyama; his elder brother and sister, Noboru Maruyama and Kiyoko Maruyama; and his two younger sisters, Chiyoko Maruyama and Setsuko Maruyama. His family also lived alongside his mother’s family, the Mamedas. This combined household comprised of four adults and ten kids living in a 1,000 square foot farmhouse with a wooden stove.[1] Rob, Bob’s son, recounts stories that his father was given two pairs of jeans, three shirts, and two shoes by his parents that were meant to last the whole year.[2] His family could not afford to replace worn out clothes. Wearing down his shoes was unavoidable as he would have to walk five miles to and five miles back from school every day. Whenever his shoes fell apart his sisters would help cobble them back together,[3] Making things last far beyond their expiration date and experiencing scarcity where hallmarks of the Great Depression.

Profound loss marked Bob’s early childhood. When he was nine years old his mother contracted a form of sepsis. Sickness was not especially uncommon at this point in history, nor was intense suffering and loss. Yet, it is important to recognize the traumatizing experience of a nine-year-old boy watching his mother die. Deborah, Bob’s daughter, recalls that her father was beside his mother as she lay dying in the cellar of their farmhouse, where she eventually passed away.[4] It is only a guess as to what he thought and felt as he was next to his mother. This moment must have been ingrained in his mind for the rest of his life.

Bob’s parents were immigrants from Japan. The “Yellow Peril”[5] and its atmosphere was circulating around the U.S in the late 19th century, resulting in the Chinese Exclusion Act, which restricted Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States. This led to a need for labor from other places, and people from Japan began filling this need. This alarmed the U.S government. In 1907-1908 the U.S government entered into an informal agreement with Japan to limit the number of Japanese immigrating to the U.S. Additionally, a more targeted form of discrimination came about as many states adopted Alien Land laws. These laws generally prohibited immigrants “ineligible for citizenship” from owning land, and added a prohibition against immigrants who were “ineligible for citizenship” from possessing long-term leases.[6] The manifestation of racism gave rise to official discriminatory and racist practices authorized by the United States. This put extra pressure on those people from Asia regardless of their country of origin.

Rob and Deborah recall that their father only used English outside of the home and that Japanese would be used only inside the home while growing up.[7] This behavior, code switching, is an attempt to reduce racial and prejudicial attacks against marginalized communities by conforming to White, Anglo Saxon Protestant ideals.[8] Using a language other than that of English meant that they would stick out. The difficulty was that society wanted them to change who they were. They could conform to speak only English and adopt thse expectations; however, they could never change their physical attributes. For White American Society, Japanese Americans could never become “American.” [9]

Bob never felt that his future was in Swink, a small agricultural community. Perhaps it was due to the fact his elder brother would inherit their father’s home and land. There was nothing to root him to the land. Even if his father’s land would have been passed to him, maybe he would not have wanted it. He saw something else in his future. From a young age, he would sit on top of the onion house and look to his left, his right, what was behind and what lay in front of him and think, “There has to be something better than this.” [10]

When war broke out between the U.S and the Axis powers Bob felt like he had to prove he was an American. Bob, just like any other young person heard the patriotic call of the nation, to lend his ability to the war effort.[11] Military service offered an enticing opportunity for personal exploration. All that time sitting on the onion house, thinking that there was more for him out there, and now he had a chance to find out. This was his opportunity to experience something more than the endless fields of crops and pastures that he saw around him his whole life. War was an abstract idea, one that he never experienced. He experienced the Great Depression, the arduous task of the land and its relationships. That was real to him. War was his opportunity to escape the reality of what was.

Bob is in his full military uniform. This was taken at an unknown time and location. (Courtesy of the Maruyama family)

However, Bob’s desire to serve would go beyond the initial patriotic call and his desire for adventure. 78 miles east of Swink, Japanese Americans were being imprisoned at the Amache Incarceration Camp. Bob and his family were not imprisoned because the forced removal only applied to the West Coast and not the interior of the United States. The treatment of Japanese Americans was an influencing factor in Bob’s decision to join the military. He wanted to prove that Japanese Americans were just as American as anyone else.[12] June 30, 1942 he signed up for the draft as fast as he could.[13] However, Bob’s request to serve would be denied. On September 14, 1942, a little less than three months after he registered, the U.S selective service finalized a classification of individuals to be excluded from service due to race or ancestry.[14] This did not dissuade him from trying to join the national effort. Tenaciously, Bob took a bus up north to Lowry Airforce Base in Denver. He intended to enlist as a pilot. Despite his willingness to travel from Swink to Denver, 170 miles, he was turned away. He was still classified as a “4-C,” which labeled him as an enemy alien under registration regulations.[15]

When the embargo on recruitment and training of Japanese Americans ended Bob was called up and told to assemble at Camp Shelby, Mississippi in April 1943. Bob boarded the train that went through his hometown. As the locomotive pulled the train cars, Bob looked out at the farmland. It was happening. He was leaving his home for war. As the train continued, he saw the farmhouse that he grew up in along with his family inside, and tears ran down his face.[16]

Bob was assigned to the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, 2nd Battalion, G Company. The 442nd was a segregated unit that had only White commissioned officers. Japanese Americans were noncommissioned officers.[17] Basic training was conducted in the deep south. This brought Nisei into close contact with a different form of racism – that of Whites in the South against African American servicemen and civilians. The Japanese American community, knowing discrimination firsthand, often would be involved in physical altercations with people who displayed prejudice and racism.[18] News of these altercations would have certainly spread among the unit.

Bob’s time at basic training was marked by a promotion to Buck Sergeant followed by demotion. The latter can be explained by his aversion to the chain of command and particularly when he thought commands were not appropriate.[19] The military has never taken kindly to disobedience and Bob made this a habit. As a result, he was assigned grunt work. This meant cleaning camp facilities and peeling an uncountable number of potatoes.[20] His adversity towards following orders meant that he never got the privilege to leave the camp.

Although leave was not granted to him, he found other ways to blow off steam within camp. Specifically, he joined the rivalry between the 100th battalion and the 442nd. This rivalry stemmed from the preferential treatment of mainland Japanese Americans over Japanese Americans from Hawaii. Mainlanders were selected over islanders for noncommissioned officer positions.[21] Physical confrontations ensued between the two military groups and impromptu boxing matches would be organized. Bob was on the side of the 442nd and would participate in these boxing matches.[22] Basic training would not last forever. About a year later the 442nd received their deployment orders.

The 442nd set sail to Naples and arrived in June, 1944.[23] Bob disembarked and began to explore while the 442nd awaited their next orders. Bob ventured to the ancient city of Pompeii, a city not destroyed by war but by natural forces. Bob remarked how strange it was to see a city filled with dead clay people.[24] On June 11 they once again embarked and their destination was Civitavecchia, a coastal town 40 miles northwest of Rome.[25]

On the journey to the city of Rome, Bob witnessed that in times of war civilian suffering was rampant. This is exemplified in a little Italian girl who was hiding in the mountains. One day she came down to Bob and the other soldiers.[26] She wanted their rations, cigarettes to sell, and other items of value.[27] Certainly she was hungry. The destruction of war was far greater than the destruction of material objects. It was the destruction of lives. As the army moved from location to location, she would always find Bob and his fellow soldiers because they had given her food and cigarettes. No matter where they were, she would find them.

After Rome was captured, the 442nd had some time to relax before they would continue to push further North. Bob wanted to see the ancient city of Rome and feel the immense historical significance of the city. He went to the Colosseum and the Sistine Chapel.[28] He could not understand why other soldiers would give up the opportunity to see these sights, and he felt it was foolish of them to give up this opportunity for a night with a woman.[29] In this moment, Bob experienced what he dreamt about on top of his onion house. This is what was out here, more than just the fields: he was seeing the wonders of history before his very eyes.

As the 2nd Battalion, G company, moved forward they encountered fierce resistance on their way to hill 140. When Bob was walking up the hills patrolling, he came across two German soldiers, one just a kid around his age, relieving themselves.[30] There was a look of complete shock and fear on their faces as they dropped to their knees and began praying. Bob could have shot them or captured them—after all they were the enemy. However, he did none of those things, and he decided to let them go.

This picture was taken in 1944. It shows U.S soldiers with a young Italian girl. Bob is the third person to the right in the front row; the Italian girl is behind his right shoulder. The other soldiers in this picture are unknown. (Courtesy of the M… — This picture was taken in 1944. It shows U.S soldiers with a young Italian girl. Bob is the third person to the right in the front row; the Italian girl is behind his right shoulder. The other soldiers in this picture are unknown. (Courtesy of the Maruyama family)

The next day, the 2nd battalion quickly jumped off against hill 140. Reaching the forward slope of the hill directly south of the objective, they came under intense combined small-arms and artillery fire.[31] The 2nd Battalion had taken a 5-hour artillery bombardment. Lieutenant Colonel Virgil R. Miller assumed command and reorganized the Battalions and began a limited assault.[32] During the chaos Bob’s squad leader, Sergeant Tomoichi Matsumoto, was hit by enemy machine gun fire. Without hesitation, Bob jumped out from behind his cover and raced toward his wounded comrade.[33] Under intense fire he patched up his squad leader and then began heading back to cover.[34] Before they could reach cover, a sniper pulled the trigger and shot him through the neck, shattered his clavicle, and ripped through his artery.[35] He then continued to cover, and once there he spun around to see where the shot came from. Surprise crept across his face because it had been the same boy, who he had let go the day before.[36] He then collapsed and other members of G company rushed over to aid Bob and the squad leader. One of his friends was among those that helped to patch him up. They stuffed their wool shirts into his neck to stop the bleeding and covered him in thick wool jackets.[37] Not long after, an artillery shell landed next to Bob and the other soldiers who were helping him. In that instant, he saw his friend ripped apart by the artillery shell and he heard his friend exhale his final breath.[38] The next moment Bob blacked out.

Briefly, Bob came to in the field hospital with a priest over him giving his last rights. Quickly Bob sprang up and said, “Don’t do that!”[39] Bob was transferred to Fitzsimons Army Medical Center in Aurora, Colorado. There, they treated his wound and evaluated his injuries. The first location they identified was his “Spine and Trunk: Clavicle,” which was shattered.[40] His second diagnosis was paralysis in his right arm with surrounding nerve damage.[41] He was also diagnosed with Brachial Plexus damage. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves in the shoulder that carries movement and sensory signals from the spinal cord to the arms and hands. Brachial plexus injuries typically stem from trauma to the neck and can cause pain, weakness, and numbness in the arm and hand.[42]

As a result, Bob was unable to move his right arm and was transferred once again—this time to specialized physical therapy in Utah. At some point the doctors told him if there was no movement by the end of the day, they would amputate his arm.[43] This news devastated Bob, at the age of 21 he would lose his right arm. Bob began to cry and prayed intensely to God, something that he had never done before.[44] He needed his arm to move, just a little, anything so that he might keep his arm. Suddenly his fingers began to twitch.[45] The operation to amputate was called off. Bob did not regain full ability to move his right arm because the damage was permanent and left his arm in a reduced size. Deborah remembers that for years he had to wear a brace that began at his elbow, ran the length of his arm, all the way down to his fingers.[46]

After his time in the Army, there were few things, if anything, that he liked about his time serving. He enjoyed the regimented discipline handed down at basic training.[47] He developed a love for collecting guns, something that he had never done before he went to war.[48] Bob did not like war. He did not like the killing, the destruction, and the loss of life. He never reminisced about the “good times.” Whenever he told stories about his time in the war, he would drift into talking about his friends who had been killed while tending to him. His children remember that before he would go into more detail, he would abruptly say, “that’s enough stories for today.”[49] Painful memories of war, death and suffering was something he did not want to confront. He was injured more than just physically; there was a deep sadness that he carried around and suffered through alone.

Bob, as Japanese American, would face another foe back home: racism and anti-Japanese sentiment. In 1946, because of his actions in combat, Bob was awarded the Bronze Star.[50] For the ceremony he wanted to get a haircut. Any person wants to look their best for an event like graduation, a wedding, and receiving military honors. However, when he stepped into the barber shop, he was greeted with racial animus. The barber refused to give Bob, a veteran who was wounded in combat, a haircut, on account of his Japanese ancestry. This infuriated Bob.[51] How could he be treated this way after sacrificing and serving his country? This haircut was for an event honoring him, yet he was met with dishonor. This would hardly be the last time he experienced discrimination.

After the war, Bob was determined to go to college and decided to use GI Bill to do so. In 1945, he attended Colorado A&M, now Colorado State University (CSU). There, he studied Agriculture with the hopes of applying his knowledge back home, in Swink. While there he was determined to join an agricultural fraternity. In typical fashion, pledging required some unique challenge. The one in store for new pledges was that they needed to ride a bull. Bob’s injuries from the war limited his participation in the bull riding, but it did not excuse him from the whole challenge. The frat decided he could ride steer instead, as steers are less aggressive. When Bob got on top the steer, it paid him no mind and it sauntered around unconcerned.[52] Bob did not excel at his studies and dropped out before completing his degree.[53] He was only at the college for about 64 weeks.

Bob went back home to Swink, now a dropout from college. Someone from the community encouraged him to go back to college because his future was not in working the fields.[54]. Because Bob had seen many things in the military that were beyond the fields, he must have still held the belief that there was more for him out there. With the nudging of a community member he deeply respected, he decided to give college another try.

This time, he went to Adams State University and majored in Biology and Physical Education. After graduation, he worked in Swansea at a recreational center until he obtained his second degree. In 1952, he decided to go back to college for his Master’s in Education at the University of Denver.[55] He also completed a certificate for teaching Special Education. He graduated in 1956. This took him a little longer because he had a family—a wife, and a young daughter—and he needed to support them. Bob was a nontraditional student. He was a veteran, a husband, and a father during his time in college.

Helen Nakamura and Bob Maruyama were married May 2, 1952. Helen also went to the University of Denver, where she studied music. She was offered a position by Saul Caston in the Colorado Symphony, at the time knowns as the Denver Symphony. She was flattered but told him she needed to finish her education at DU first.[56] Caston saved a spot for her in the Colorado Symphony. Soon after she finished her education, she went and preformed with the symphony.

Bob still faced discrimination in his life, including when he tried to buy a house. He wanted his family to fully assimilate into being “American.”[57] He wanted to conform to the idea of what a “true” American was at the time. As a result, Bob did not want to live where other Japanese Americans were. He set his sights on the predominantly White neighborhood in the Harvey Park area. In this attempt to “assimilate,” he experienced more discrimination. Realtors tried to steer him away from the area and back into areas “more suited” for him.[58] However, he was persistent and ended up purchasing a home in his preferred location; here, he would continue to build his family and proceed with his career.

During Bob’s tenure in education, he saw large shifts in civil rights. It was a time where African American parents wanted integration with the demand of equal access to resources. However, school districts resisted. When Denver Public Schools (DPS) first opened the new Manual High School, the mandatory attendance districting effectively segregated the school.[59]

Disparities in the curriculum were also a point of contention. Predominantly White schools offered college preparatory classes.[60] In comparison, predominantly Mexican and African American schools were dominated by remedial subjects as class options.[61] Simply, the opportunities were not the same for every child.

Opposition to integration was not only perpetrated by Denver Public Schools. There was refusal coming from White parents to send their children to predominantly minority-serving schools if the boundaries were redrawn.[62] This pressure from White parents aligned with DPS’s intent and assured that the boundaries would be redrawn to reinforce segregation. These fights were occurring in 1956, just as Bob was entering the district as a teacher. The school board would go on to adopt a policy of segregation, despite the Supreme Court Case, Brown v. Board of Education.

Bob first taught kindergarten at Schenck Elementary School. From there he went to Kepner Junior High school and taught science. There he was given the honor of teacher of the year.[63] There is a description of the teachers in this article and one attributed to him, “He is stern but nice in every way.”[64]

In 1969, Bob was teaching biology at George Washington High School. At this point a court ordered the forced integration and desegregation of schools in DPS. Part of the plan was to use busing. Not long after the ruling a bus depot was firebombed and destroyed. Violence fueled by racism was common during the period of integration and George Washington High School had a front row seat. Bob knew what discrimination felt like. He understood the pain and desire for human dignity. In this respect he was sympathetic to the plight that students of color felt because he knew what unequal and racist treatment was. From 1970-1972 Bob was promoted to interim vice principal at George Washington High School. In this position he would have continued to oversee the busing and desegregation of the school.

In 1972, Bob was transferred to Gove Junior High as a vice principal. This was a short stop in his career and he only stayed for about a year. He was then sent to North High School in 1973. There, he spent five years as a vice principal. The last school he worked at was Abraham Lincoln High School from 1978 - 1982. This rounded out his 30-year career working in DPS. Though his time there was over sooner than he wanted. Bob suffered a severe heart attack which weakened him considerably and he had to retire.[65]

Bob had a passion for helping kids achieve their best. Rob and Deborah remember that their father would spend innumerable hours helping students with science projects.[66] Although he was firm and tough, his compassion and nurturing nature would come out with interactions with students. He would give individualized attention to any student at whichever school he worked in. A typical administrator, when a kid was sent to their office for misbehavior, would quickly hand out a punishment and be about their day. As an administrator, Bob would not simply hand out punishments for misbehaving kids; rather, he would call teachers after-hours and discuss better ways of handling situations.[67] His commitment to his work and to the students was one of unparalleled dedication.

Bob was a man who had gone through many hardships and impacted many people throughout his life. Above all, he was a caring human being. Rob and Deborah recalled that when they were teased at school, particularly because they were of Japanese descent, their father and mother would put them back together when they got back home.[68] Bob was all too familiar with racism and understood that, unfairly, American society would expect more from them. He taught his children how to navigate the racist aspects of American society.

Bob believed in students and their limitless potential, especially the ones that were disadvantaged. He wanted to show students that there was more out there for them, and that they could be successful. Just like him, a kid from a farming town. He knew there was more out there for them. He hoped that he could reveal opportunities as well as the potential within each student.

The memories that Bob’s family hold of him is that of a man who cared about others. One time in Denver, he was driving through the LODO area. He told his kids not to open the doors and to keep them locked; after all he wanted his family safe. Yet Bob would then go on and ignore his own instructions when he saw two kids picking on a homeless man. He went out and picked both boys up by the collar and told them to leave him alone. He then stayed with the homeless man to make sure they would not come back.[69] When Bob and his family went to Japanese restaurants in Downtown Denver, he handed his children coins to do as they wished. Another strong memory recounted by Rob and Deborah was the one direction he gave them after proving the coins, “if there is somebody who needs this more than you do, then make sure you give it to them.”[70] It is this deep caring for other human beings that he taught his children. It is something they remember about him.

Bob’s life encompassed so much. He had experienced the hardship of the Great Depression, and it would instill a sense of generosity and empathy towards those who had little. World War Two would leave him with excruciatingly painful memories, lifelong injuries, and the means to receive a college education. During the civil rights era Bob oversaw the desegregation of schools. Being discriminated against himself, he was an ally to those students who needed it the most. Bob left an outsized impact on his family and the community around him. He passed away July 1, 2000.

Footnotes ↓

[1] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5] A racist color metaphor invoked to stoke fear about an untrue existential fear to western society from East Asian peoples.

[6] Chertsin M. Lyon, “Alien Land Laws,” Densho Encyclopedia, October 8, 2020, https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Alien_land_laws/.

[7] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[8] In this biography I am capitalizing White when referring to race. “In terms of racial identity, white Americans have had the choice of being something vague, something unraced and separate from race. A capitalized ‘White’ challenges that freedom, by unmasking “Whiteness” as an American racial identity as historically important as “Blackness” — which it certainly is.” https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/22/why-white-should-be-capitalized/; https://www.nabj.org/page/styleguide.

[9] In the context of the time, “American” meant White, English speaking, Protestant (or at least Christian), and adherence to the ever-shifting definition put forth by the in group.

[10] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[11] Ibid.

[12] Ibid.

[13] WWII Draft Registration Cards for Colorado, 1940-47, Record Group: Records of the Selective Service System 147, Box 154, National Archives in St. Louis, St. Louis Missouri.

[14] Ruth Eleanor McKee, Wartime Exile: The Exclusion of the Japanese Americans from the West Coast (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 153.

[15] “Internment and Service: Japanese Americans from the Inland Empire: Patriotism through Service,” LibGuides, June 8, 2020, https://researchguides.gonzaga.edu/c.php?g=67732&p=436777.

[16] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[17] “442nd Regimental Combat Team,” accessed April 30, 2021, https://encyclopedia.densho.org/442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team/.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[20] Ibid.

[21] “442nd Regimental Combat Team,” accessed April 30, 2021, https://encyclopedia.densho.org/442nd_Regimental_Combat_Team/.

[22] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[23] “Go For Broke National Education Center - Preserving the Legacy of the Japanese American Veterans of World War II,”accessed April 30, 2021, https://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/combat_history/world_war_2/european_theater/rome-arno_belvedere.php.

[24] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[25] “Go For Broke National Education Center - Preserving the Legacy of the Japanese American Veterans of World War II,” accessed April 30, 2021, https://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/combat_history/world_war_2/european_theater/rome-arno_belvedere.php.

[26] Ibid.

[27] Ibid.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid.

[31] Orville Shirey, Americans: The story of The 442d Combat Team (Infantry Journal Press, 1946), 36.

[32] Ibid.

[33] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[34] Letter from Edward Witsell, Major General, War Department, The Adjutant General’s Office, provided by the Maruyama family.

[35] Hospital Admission Card Files, ca. 1970 – ca. 1970, NAI: 570973, Record Group Number: Records of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army), 1775-1994, Record Group Title: 112, National Archives and Records Administration.

[36] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[37] Ibid.

[38] Ibid.

[39] Ibid.

[40] Hospital Admission Card Files, ca. 1970 – ca. 1970, NAI: 570973, Record Group Number: Records of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army), 1775-1994, Record Group Title: 112, National Archives and Records Administration.

[41] Ibid.

[42] “Brachial Plexus Injury,” Johns Hopkins Medicine, accessed May 4, 2021, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/brachial-plexus-injuries#:~:text=The%20brachial%20plexus%20is%20a,in%20the%20arm%20and%20hand.

[43] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[44] Ibid.

[45] Ibid.

[46] Ibid.

[47] Ibid.

[48] Ibid.

[49] Ibid.

[50] Letter from Edward Witsell, Major General, War Department, The Adjutant General’s Office, provided by the Maruyama family.

[51] Deborah and Rob Maruyama, interview by Brandon Thierry, April 19, 2021, DU VLP.

[52] Ibid.

[53] Ibid.

[54] Ibid.

[55] Ibid.

[56] Ibid.

[57] Ibid.

[58] Ibid.

[60] Ibid.

[61] Ibid.

[62] Ibid.

[63] Author Unknown, There Was Formed A Union of Winners . . . Midst Kepner Faculty, Little Buckaroo May 10, 1960, in possession of the Maruyama Family.